Ders Adı Biyolojik Çeşitlilik
Ders Kodu ORM-1353
Dersin Türü Zorunlu
Ders Biriminin Seviyesi Lisans
Yıl 3
Dönem 5.Yarıyıl
AKTS 3
Dersi Veren(ler) Prof. Dr. Serkan GÜLSOY Prof. Dr. Kürşad ÖZKAN
Dersin Yardımcıları Arş. Gör. Ali ŞENOL
Ders İşleme Biçimi Yüz Yüze
Önkoşul Dersleri
Dersin İçeriği Biyolojik çeşitliliğinin temel kavramları, Biyolojik çeşitlilik, alfa çeşitliliği, beta çeşitliliği, gama çeşitliliği hesabında kullanılan indisler, Biyolojik çeşitlilik ile yetişme ortamı arasındaki ilişkilerin tespit ve değerlendirmesi, Biyoçeşitliliğin izlenmesi, korunması ve geliştirilmesine yönelik yöntem ve uygulamalar, İki arazi-alan çalışması
Dersin Verildiği Diller Türkçe
Dersin Amacı Biyolojik çeşitliliğin tespitini ve biyoçeşitlilik üzerinde etkili olan faktörleri öğrenmek
No Dersin Kazanımları  
1 1. Biyolojik çeşitliliği özetler
2 2. Ekosistem, tür ve gen çeşitliliğini açıklar
3 3. Biyoçeşitlikte alfa, beta ve gama düzeylerinde hesaplama yapar
4 4. Yapısal, fonksiyonel ve taksonomik çeşitliliği açıklar
5 5. Biyolojik çeşitlilik envanterini bilir
6 6. Biyolojik çeşitlilik ile çevresel faktörler arasındaki ilişkileri belirler ve yorumlar
7 7. Biyolojik çeşitliliğinin korunması ve geliştirilmesine yönelik öneriler geliştirir, önlemler alır
8 8. Orman ekosistemlerinde meydana gelen değişimleri yorumlar
DERSİN KAZANIMLARI / PROGRAM YETERLİKLERİ İLİŞKİ MATRİSİ
DKPY1PY2PY3PY4PY5PY6PY7PY8PY9PY10PY11
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
5-Çok Yüksek İlişkili 4- Yüksek İlişkili 3-Orta İlişkili 2- Zayıf İlişkili 1-Çok Zayıf İlişkili 0-İlişkisiz
Hafta Konular  
1 Biyolojik Çeşitliliğe Ait Temel Kavramlar
2 Biyolojik Çeşitliliğin Ekosistem Düzeyi
3 Biyolojik Çeşitliliğin Tür Düzeyi
4 Biyolojik Çeşitliliğin Gen Düzeyi
5 Biyolojik Çeşitlilikte Kırmızı Veri Kitapları ve Kırmızı Listeler
6 Biyolojik Çeşitlilik İle İlgili Sözleşmeler ve Sosyopolitik Süreçler
7 Biyolojik Çeşitliliği Koruma Yöntemleri
8 Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Envanter Yöntemleri
9 Biyolojik Çeşitlilikte Tür Çeşitlilik Bileşenleri (Alfa, Beta, Gama Düzeyleri)
10 Biyolojik Çeşitlilikte Alfa Çeşitlilik Hesaplamaları (BİÇEB Yazılım Uygulamaları)
11 Biyolojik Çeşitlilikte Beta ve Gama Çeşitlilik Hesaplamaları (BİÇEB Yazılım Uygulamaları)
12 Biyolojik Çeşitlilik - Çevresel Faktör İlişkileri (Temel İstatistiki Uygulamalar)
13 Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Haritalama ve İzleme Süreçleri
14 Biyolojik Çeşitlilikte Fonksiyonel, Yapısal, Taksonomik Çeşitlilik Parametreleri ve Arazi Çeşitliliği Kavramı
No Bölüm Öğrenme Çıktısı Katkı Düzeyi
1 Temel matematik, fen, mühendislik ve bilgisayar bilgilerine sahip olmak, bu bilgileri orman mühendisliği problemlerine uygulama becerisi 3
2 Orman ekosistemlerini oluşturan unsurları tanıyabilir ve bunlar arasındaki ilişkileri kavrayabilir 5
3 Orman kaynaklarının planlanması, üretim ve faydalanmanın düzenlenmesi ve sürdürülebilir yönetimi için gerekli bilgi ve beceriye sahiptir 3
4 Yeni orman tesis edilmesine, bozuk ormanların iyileştirilmesine ve mevcut ormanların bakımı ve gençleştirilmesine yönelik maksatlı müdahalelerde bulunabilme bilgi ve becerisine sahiptir 3
5 Orman ekosisteminin biyotik ve abiyotik tehditlere karşı varlığını ve niteliğini koruma amaçlı müdahaleler yapabilme bilgi ve becerisine sahiptir 4
6 Orman mühendisliği uygulamaları için, çağdaş teknolojiyi ve uygun yöntemleri kullanabilir 3
7 Ulusal ve uluslararası ormancılık politikalarını, yasaları ve yükümlülükleri kavrayabilir 5
8 Ormancılık mesleğinin etik sorumluluğu kapsamında, çevre ve iş güvenliği konularında bilgi ve duyarlılığa sahiptir 4
9 Bağımsız davranma, inisiyatif kullanma, yaratıcılık, etkin iletişim ve liderlik becerisine sahiptir 5
10 Ulusal ve uluslararası alanda, çevre ve ormancılık konularında rekabet edebilir, ortak çalışmalar yapabilir, yerel veya küresel ölçekli sorunlara yeni çözüm önerileri getirebilir 3
11 Yaşam boyu öğrenme ilkesinden hareketle, ormancılıkla ilgili ekolojik, ekonomik ve sosyal boyuttaki güncel gelişmeleri takip edebilir ve bu bilgileri ulusal ormancılığın faydası için kullanabilir 3
Yarıyıl İçi Çalışmaları Sayısı Katkı Payı
Ara Sınav 1 100
Kısa Sınav 0 0
Ödev 0 0
Devam 0 0
Uygulama 0 0
Labaratuvar 0 0
Proje 0 0
Atölye 0 0
Seminer 0 0
Arazi Çalışması 0 0
Sözlü sınav 0 0
Portfolyo 0 0
Doküman İncelemesi 0 0
Performans değerlendirme 0 0
Sunum 0 0
Alan Çalışması 0 0
Vaka Çalışması 0 0
Video Kaydı 0 0
Öz değerlendirme 0 0
Akran Değerlendirme 0 0
Eşleştirme Testleri 0 0
Çoktan seçmeli test 0 0
Kısa Cevaplı test 0 0
Kontrol listeleri 0 0
Dereceleme Ölçekleri 0 0
Zihin Haritalama 0 0
Araştırma yazısı 0 0
Çevrimiçi anket 0 0
Çevrimiçi Kısa sınav 0 0
TOPLAM 0
Yıliçinin Başarıya Oranı 40
Finalin Başarıya Oranı 60
TOPLAM 100
AKTS kredilerinin belirlenmesinde öğrenci işyükü anketlerinden faydalanılmaktadır.
Etkinlik Sayısı Süresi Toplam
Ders Süresi (Sınav Haftaları Hariç) 14 2 28
Sınıf Dışı Ders Çalışma Süresi 14 2 28
Ödevler 0 0 0
Sunum 0 0 0
Proje 0 0 0
Laboratuar Çalışması 0 0 0
Arazi ya da Alan Çalışması 0 0 0
Ara Sınavlar 1 15 15
Yarıyıl Sonu Sınavı 1 20 20
İşyükü Saati (30) 30
Toplam İşyükü / Saat 91    
Dersin Akts Kredisi 3    
Ders Notu Özkan K. (2016). Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Bileşenleri ve Nasıl Ölçülür. Isparta, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Yayınevi. Özkan K., Küçüksille E. U., Mert A., Gülsoy S., Süel H., Başar M. (2020). Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Bileşenleri (BİÇEB) hesaplama yazılımı. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 21, 344-348. Maclaurin, J., & Sterelny, K. (2008). What is biodiversity?. In What Is Biodiversity?. University of Chicago Press. Gaston, K. J. (2003). The how and why of biodiversity. Nature, 421(6926), 900-901. Holmgren, P., and R. Persson. 2002. Evolution and prospects of global forest assessments. Global forest assessments move towards the goal of addressing a full range of benefits from forests and tree resources. Unasylva (FAO) 53: 3–9. Von Hertzen, L., Hanski, I., & Haahtela, T. (2011). Natural immunity: biodiversity loss and inflammatory diseases are two global megatrends that might be related. EMBO reports, 12(11), 1089-1093. Hanski, I., von Hertzen, L., Fyhrquist, N., Koskinen, K., Torppa, K., Laatikainen, T., Karisola, P., Auvinen, P., Paulin, A., Mäkelä, M.J., Vartiainen, E., Kosunen, T.U., Alenius, H., Haahtela, T. (2012). Environmental biodiversity, human microbiota, and allergy are interrelated. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(21), 8334-8339. STOCK, T. (1992). The Convention on Biological Diversity. Burki, F., Roger, A. J., Brown, M. W., & Simpson, A. G. (2020). The new tree of eukaryotes. Trends in ecology & evolution, 35(1), 43-55. Bar-On, Y. M., Phillips, R., & Milo, R. (2018). The biomass distribution on Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(25), 6506-6511. Lughadha, E.N., Govaerts, R., Belyaeva, I., Black, N., Lindon, H., Allkın, R., Magıll, R.E. and Nicolson, N., 2016. Counting counts: revised estimates of numbers of accepted species of flowering plants, seed plants, vascular plants and land plants with a review of other recent estimates. Phytotaxa, 272(1), 82-88. Raup, D. M. & Sepkoski, J. J. 1982. Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record. Science 215, 1501–1503. Barnosky, A. D., Matzke, N., Tomiya, S., Wogan, G. O., Swartz, B., Quental, T. B., Marshall, C., McGuire, J.L., Lindsey, E.L., Maguire, K.C., Mersey, B., Ferrer, E. A. (2011). Has the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived?. Nature, 471(7336), 51-57. Dirzo, R., & Raven, P. H. (2003). Global state of biodiversity and loss. Annual review of Environment and Resources, 28(1), 137-167. Pimm, S. L., Russell, G. J., Gittleman, J. L., & Brooks, T. M. (1995). The future of biodiversity. Science, 269(5222), 347-350. Myers, N. (1990). Mass extinctions: what can the past tell us about the present and the future?. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 82(1-2), 175-185. Wake, D. B., & Vredenburg, V. T. (2008). Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(Supplement 1), 11466-11473. Kelly, L. T., Giljohann, K. M., Duane, A., Aquilué, N., Archibald, S., Batllori, E., Bennett, A.F., Buckland, S.T., Canelles, Q., Brotons, L. (2020). Fire and biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Science, 370(6519), eabb0355. Maxwell, S. L., Fuller, R. A., Brooks, T. M., & Watson, J. E. (2016). Biodiversity: The ravages of guns, nets and bulldozers. Nature, 536(7615), 143-145. Tilman, D., Clark, M., Williams, D. R., Kimmel, K., Polasky, S., & Packer, C. (2017). Future threats to biodiversity and pathways to their prevention. Nature, 546(7656), 73-81. Antonelli, A., Kissling, W. D., Flantua, S. G., Bermúdez, M. A., Mulch, A., Muellner-Riehl, A. N., Kreft, H., Linder, H.P., Badgley, C., Fjeldså, J. & Hoorn, C. (2018). Geological and climatic influences on mountain biodiversity. Nature Geoscience, 11(10), 718-725. Fjeldså, J., Bowie, R. C., & Rahbek, C. (2012). The role of mountain ranges in the diversification of birds. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 43, 249-265. Badgley, C., Smiley, T.M., Terry, R., Davis, E.B., DeSantis, L.R., Fox, D.L., Hopkins, S.S., Jezkova, T., Matocq, M.D., Matzke, N. and McGuire, J.L., 2017. Biodiversity and topographic complexity: modern and geohistorical perspectives. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 32(3), 211-226. Kerr, J. T., & Packer, L. (1997). Habitat heterogeneity as a determinant of mammal species richness in high-energy regions. Nature, 385(6613), 252-254. Stein, A., Gerstner, K., & Kreft, H. (2014). Environmental heterogeneity as a universal driver of species richness across taxa, biomes and spatial scales. Ecology letters, 17(7), 866-880. Hoorn, C., Mosbrugger, V., Mulch, A., & Antonelli, A. (2013). Biodiversity from mountain building. Nature Geoscience, 6(3), 154-154. Favre, A., Päckert, M., Pauls, S. U., Jähnig, S. C., Uhl, D., Michalak, I., & Muellner-Riehl, A. N. (2015). The role of the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau for the evolution of Tibetan biotas. Biological Reviews, 90(1), 236-253. Currie, D. J. (1991). Energy and large-scale patterns of animal-and plant-species richness. The American Naturalist, 137(1), 27-49. Hawkins, B.A., Field, R., Cornell, H.V., Currie, D.J., Guégan, J.F., Kaufman, D.M., Kerr, J.T., Mittelbach, G.G., Oberdorff, T., O'Brien, E.M., Porter, E.E., Turner, J.R.G. (2003). Energy, water, and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness. Ecology, 84(12), 3105-3117. He, T., Lamont, B. B., & Pausas, J. G. (2019). Fire as a key driver of Earth's biodiversity. Biological Reviews, 94(6), 1983-2010. van der Plas, F. (2019). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in naturally assembled communities. Biological Reviews, 94(4), 1220-1245. Schulze, E. D. & Mooney, H. A. (1993). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Naeem, S., Thompson, L. J., Lawler, S. P., Lawton, J. H., & Woodfin, R. M. (1994). Declining biodiversity can alter the performance of ecosystems. Nature, 368(6473), 734-737. Hillebrand, H., & Matthiessen, B. (2009). Biodiversity in a complex world: consolidation and progress in functional biodiversity research. Ecology letters, 12(12), 1405-1419. Tilman, D., Isbell, F., & Cowles, J. M. (2014). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Annual review of ecology, evolution, and systematics, 45, 471-493. Grace, J. B., Anderson, T. M., Seabloom, E., Borer, E., Adler, P. B., Harpole, W. S., Hautier, Y., Hillebrand, H., Lind, E. M., Pärtel, M., Bakker, J. D., Buckley, Y. M., Crawley, M. J., Damschen, E. I., Davies, K. F., et al. (2016). Integrative modeling reveals mechanisms linking productivity and plant species richness. Nature 529, 390–393. Liang, J., Crowther, T. W., Picard, N., Wiser, S., Zhou, M., Alberti, G., Schulze, E., McGuire, A. D., Bozzato, F., Pretzsch, H., de Miguel, S., Paquette, A., Hérault, B., Scherer-Lorenzen, M., Barrett, C. B., et al. (2016). Positive biodiversity-productivity relationships predominant in global forests. Science 354, aaf8957. Duffy, J. E., Godwin, C. M. & Cardinale, B. J. (2017). Biodiversity effects in the wild are as common and as strong as key drivers of productivity. Nature 549, 261–264. Johnson, C.N., Balmford, A., Brook, B.W., Buettel, J.C., Galetti, M., Guangchun, L. and Wilmshurst, J.M., 2017. Biodiversity losses and conservation responses in the Anthropocene. Science, 356(6335), 270-275. Nunez, S., Arets, E., Alkemade, R., Verwer, C., & Leemans, R. (2019). Assessing the impacts of climate change on biodiversity: is below 2° C enough?. Climatic Change, 154(3), 351-365. Pearson, R. G., & Dawson, T. P. (2003). Predicting the impacts of climate change on the distribution of species: are bioclimate envelope models useful?. Global ecology and biogeography, 12(5), 361-371. Bellard, C., Bertelsmeier, C., Leadley, P., Thuiller, W., & Courchamp, F. (2012). Impacts of climate change on the future of biodiversity. Ecology letters, 15(4), 365-377. Pacifici, M., Visconti, P., Butchart, S. H., Watson, J. E., Cassola, F. M., & Rondinini, C. (2017). Species’ traits influenced their response to recent climate change. Nature Climate Change, 7(3), 205-208. Pan, Y., Birdsey, R. A., Phillips, O. L., & Jackson, R. B. (2013). The structure, distribution, and biomass of the world's forests. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 44, 593-622. Curtis, P. G., Slay, C. M., Harris, N. L., Tyukavina, A., & Hansen, M. C. (2018). Classifying drivers of global forest loss. Science, 361(6407), 1108-1111. Hansen, M.C., Potapov, P.V., Moore, R., Hancher, M., Turubanova, S.A., Tyukavina, A., Thau, D., Stehman, S.V., Goetz, S.J., Loveland, T.R. and Kommareddy, A., 2013. High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. science, 342(6160), 850-853. Watson, J.E., Shanahan, D.F., Di Marco, M., Allan, J., Laurance, W.F., Sanderson, E.W., Mackey, B. and Venter, O., 2016. Catastrophic declines in wilderness areas undermine global environment targets. Current Biology, 26(21), 2929-2934. Washington, H. (2013). Human Dependence on Nature. Routledge, New York, p. 184. Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Fahrig, L., Tabarelli, M., Watling, J.I., Tischendorf, L., Benchimol, M., Cazetta, E., Faria, D., Leal, I.R., Melo, F.P.L., Morante-Filho, J.C., Santos, A.B., Gisbert, R.A., Arce-Pena, N., Lopez, M.J.C., Cudney-Valenzuela, S., Galan-Acedo, C., San-Jose, M., Vieira, I.C.G., Slik, J.W.F., Nowakowski, A.J., Tscharntke, T., 2020. Designing optimal human-modified landscapes for forest biodiversity conservation. Ecology Letters, 23(9), 1404-1420.
Diğer Kaynaklar Özkan K. (2016). Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Bileşenleri ve Nasıl Ölçülür. Isparta, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Yayınevi. Özkan K., Küçüksille E. U., Mert A., Gülsoy S., Süel H., Başar M. (2020). Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Bileşenleri (BİÇEB) hesaplama yazılımı. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 21, 344-348. Maclaurin, J., & Sterelny, K. (2008). What is biodiversity?. In What Is Biodiversity?. University of Chicago Press. Gaston, K. J. (2003). The how and why of biodiversity. Nature, 421(6926), 900-901. Holmgren, P., and R. Persson. 2002. Evolution and prospects of global forest assessments. Global forest assessments move towards the goal of addressing a full range of benefits from forests and tree resources. Unasylva (FAO) 53: 3–9. Von Hertzen, L., Hanski, I., & Haahtela, T. (2011). Natural immunity: biodiversity loss and inflammatory diseases are two global megatrends that might be related. EMBO reports, 12(11), 1089-1093. Hanski, I., von Hertzen, L., Fyhrquist, N., Koskinen, K., Torppa, K., Laatikainen, T., Karisola, P., Auvinen, P., Paulin, A., Mäkelä, M.J., Vartiainen, E., Kosunen, T.U., Alenius, H., Haahtela, T. (2012). Environmental biodiversity, human microbiota, and allergy are interrelated. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(21), 8334-8339. STOCK, T. (1992). The Convention on Biological Diversity. Burki, F., Roger, A. J., Brown, M. W., & Simpson, A. G. (2020). The new tree of eukaryotes. Trends in ecology & evolution, 35(1), 43-55. Bar-On, Y. M., Phillips, R., & Milo, R. (2018). The biomass distribution on Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(25), 6506-6511. Lughadha, E.N., Govaerts, R., Belyaeva, I., Black, N., Lindon, H., Allkın, R., Magıll, R.E. and Nicolson, N., 2016. Counting counts: revised estimates of numbers of accepted species of flowering plants, seed plants, vascular plants and land plants with a review of other recent estimates. Phytotaxa, 272(1), 82-88. Raup, D. M. & Sepkoski, J. J. 1982. Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record. Science 215, 1501–1503. Barnosky, A. D., Matzke, N., Tomiya, S., Wogan, G. O., Swartz, B., Quental, T. B., Marshall, C., McGuire, J.L., Lindsey, E.L., Maguire, K.C., Mersey, B., Ferrer, E. A. (2011). Has the Earth’s sixth mass extinction already arrived?. Nature, 471(7336), 51-57. Dirzo, R., & Raven, P. H. (2003). Global state of biodiversity and loss. Annual review of Environment and Resources, 28(1), 137-167. Pimm, S. L., Russell, G. J., Gittleman, J. L., & Brooks, T. M. (1995). The future of biodiversity. Science, 269(5222), 347-350. Myers, N. (1990). Mass extinctions: what can the past tell us about the present and the future?. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 82(1-2), 175-185. Wake, D. B., & Vredenburg, V. T. (2008). Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(Supplement 1), 11466-11473. Kelly, L. T., Giljohann, K. M., Duane, A., Aquilué, N., Archibald, S., Batllori, E., Bennett, A.F., Buckland, S.T., Canelles, Q., Brotons, L. (2020). Fire and biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Science, 370(6519), eabb0355. Maxwell, S. L., Fuller, R. A., Brooks, T. M., & Watson, J. E. (2016). Biodiversity: The ravages of guns, nets and bulldozers. Nature, 536(7615), 143-145. Tilman, D., Clark, M., Williams, D. R., Kimmel, K., Polasky, S., & Packer, C. (2017). Future threats to biodiversity and pathways to their prevention. Nature, 546(7656), 73-81. Antonelli, A., Kissling, W. D., Flantua, S. G., Bermúdez, M. A., Mulch, A., Muellner-Riehl, A. N., Kreft, H., Linder, H.P., Badgley, C., Fjeldså, J. & Hoorn, C. (2018). Geological and climatic influences on mountain biodiversity. Nature Geoscience, 11(10), 718-725. Fjeldså, J., Bowie, R. C., & Rahbek, C. (2012). The role of mountain ranges in the diversification of birds. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 43, 249-265. Badgley, C., Smiley, T.M., Terry, R., Davis, E.B., DeSantis, L.R., Fox, D.L., Hopkins, S.S., Jezkova, T., Matocq, M.D., Matzke, N. and McGuire, J.L., 2017. Biodiversity and topographic complexity: modern and geohistorical perspectives. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 32(3), 211-226. Kerr, J. T., & Packer, L. (1997). Habitat heterogeneity as a determinant of mammal species richness in high-energy regions. Nature, 385(6613), 252-254. Stein, A., Gerstner, K., & Kreft, H. (2014). Environmental heterogeneity as a universal driver of species richness across taxa, biomes and spatial scales. Ecology letters, 17(7), 866-880. Hoorn, C., Mosbrugger, V., Mulch, A., & Antonelli, A. (2013). Biodiversity from mountain building. Nature Geoscience, 6(3), 154-154. Favre, A., Päckert, M., Pauls, S. U., Jähnig, S. C., Uhl, D., Michalak, I., & Muellner-Riehl, A. N. (2015). The role of the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau for the evolution of Tibetan biotas. Biological Reviews, 90(1), 236-253. Currie, D. J. (1991). Energy and large-scale patterns of animal-and plant-species richness. The American Naturalist, 137(1), 27-49. Hawkins, B.A., Field, R., Cornell, H.V., Currie, D.J., Guégan, J.F., Kaufman, D.M., Kerr, J.T., Mittelbach, G.G., Oberdorff, T., O'Brien, E.M., Porter, E.E., Turner, J.R.G. (2003). Energy, water, and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness. Ecology, 84(12), 3105-3117. He, T., Lamont, B. B., & Pausas, J. G. (2019). Fire as a key driver of Earth's biodiversity. Biological Reviews, 94(6), 1983-2010. van der Plas, F. (2019). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in naturally assembled communities. Biological Reviews, 94(4), 1220-1245. Schulze, E. D. & Mooney, H. A. (1993). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Naeem, S., Thompson, L. J., Lawler, S. P., Lawton, J. H., & Woodfin, R. M. (1994). 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Materyal
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The role of mountain ranges in the diversification of birds. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 43, 249-265. Badgley, C., Smiley, T.M., Terry, R., Davis, E.B., DeSantis, L.R., Fox, D.L., Hopkins, S.S., Jezkova, T., Matocq, M.D., Matzke, N. and McGuire, J.L., 2017. Biodiversity and topographic complexity: modern and geohistorical perspectives. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 32(3), 211-226. Kerr, J. T., & Packer, L. (1997). Habitat heterogeneity as a determinant of mammal species richness in high-energy regions. Nature, 385(6613), 252-254. Stein, A., Gerstner, K., & Kreft, H. (2014). Environmental heterogeneity as a universal driver of species richness across taxa, biomes and spatial scales. Ecology letters, 17(7), 866-880. Hoorn, C., Mosbrugger, V., Mulch, A., & Antonelli, A. (2013). Biodiversity from mountain building. Nature Geoscience, 6(3), 154-154. Favre, A., Päckert, M., Pauls, S. U., Jähnig, S. C., Uhl, D., Michalak, I., & Muellner-Riehl, A. N. (2015). The role of the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau for the evolution of Tibetan biotas. Biological Reviews, 90(1), 236-253. Currie, D. J. (1991). Energy and large-scale patterns of animal-and plant-species richness. The American Naturalist, 137(1), 27-49. Hawkins, B.A., Field, R., Cornell, H.V., Currie, D.J., Guégan, J.F., Kaufman, D.M., Kerr, J.T., Mittelbach, G.G., Oberdorff, T., O'Brien, E.M., Porter, E.E., Turner, J.R.G. (2003). Energy, water, and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness. Ecology, 84(12), 3105-3117. He, T., Lamont, B. B., & Pausas, J. G. (2019). Fire as a key driver of Earth's biodiversity. Biological Reviews, 94(6), 1983-2010. van der Plas, F. (2019). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in naturally assembled communities. Biological Reviews, 94(4), 1220-1245. Schulze, E. D. & Mooney, H. A. (1993). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Naeem, S., Thompson, L. J., Lawler, S. P., Lawton, J. H., & Woodfin, R. M. (1994). 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Positive biodiversity-productivity relationships predominant in global forests. Science 354, aaf8957. Duffy, J. E., Godwin, C. M. & Cardinale, B. J. (2017). Biodiversity effects in the wild are as common and as strong as key drivers of productivity. Nature 549, 261–264. Johnson, C.N., Balmford, A., Brook, B.W., Buettel, J.C., Galetti, M., Guangchun, L. and Wilmshurst, J.M., 2017. Biodiversity losses and conservation responses in the Anthropocene. Science, 356(6335), 270-275. Nunez, S., Arets, E., Alkemade, R., Verwer, C., & Leemans, R. (2019). Assessing the impacts of climate change on biodiversity: is below 2° C enough?. Climatic Change, 154(3), 351-365. Pearson, R. G., & Dawson, T. P. (2003). Predicting the impacts of climate change on the distribution of species: are bioclimate envelope models useful?. Global ecology and biogeography, 12(5), 361-371. Bellard, C., Bertelsmeier, C., Leadley, P., Thuiller, W., & Courchamp, F. (2012). 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Watson, J.E., Shanahan, D.F., Di Marco, M., Allan, J., Laurance, W.F., Sanderson, E.W., Mackey, B. and Venter, O., 2016. Catastrophic declines in wilderness areas undermine global environment targets. Current Biology, 26(21), 2929-2934. Washington, H. (2013). Human Dependence on Nature. Routledge, New York, p. 184. Arroyo-Rodríguez, V., Fahrig, L., Tabarelli, M., Watling, J.I., Tischendorf, L., Benchimol, M., Cazetta, E., Faria, D., Leal, I.R., Melo, F.P.L., Morante-Filho, J.C., Santos, A.B., Gisbert, R.A., Arce-Pena, N., Lopez, M.J.C., Cudney-Valenzuela, S., Galan-Acedo, C., San-Jose, M., Vieira, I.C.G., Slik, J.W.F., Nowakowski, A.J., Tscharntke, T., 2020. Designing optimal human-modified landscapes for forest biodiversity conservation. Ecology Letters, 23(9), 1404-1420.
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Planlanmış Öğrenme Faaliyetleri ve Öğretim Yöntemleri